The Effectiveness Of The Hpv Vaccine - 1555 Words

The effectiveness of immunizations has been studies for years. Edward Jenner, the producer of the first vaccination, reduced the frequency of diseases through immunization (Mhaske 209). HPV and MMR vaccines elongate lives by immunizing them from harmful infections. Studies are being conducted to test the effectiveness of the HPV vaccine. The first HPV vaccine came out in June of 2006, but it was not released until 2007 (Vetter, Geller 1258) (Fonteneau 2). HPV stands for Human Papillomavirus; it is a sexually transmitted disease that leads to cervical cancer and genital warts in women, and genital warts, penile cancer, and anal cancer in men (Vamos, McDermott, and Daley 302). There are four strands of HPV, with HPV 16 and HPV 18 being the†¦show more content†¦The main difference between two and three doses is its longevity of protection against the disease (Aljunid 1). Each year the HPV vaccine is becoming better known, and by the beginning of 2012, the HPV vaccination had spread to forty countries (Aljunid 2). These vaccinations are prophylactic, meaning that they are given to patients before having been diagnosed. In other words, instead of attempting to cure HPV, vaccinations are used to prevent the unhealthy cells in the body before they cause a problem (â€Å"Measles-QA about Disease and Vaccine†). While HPV is a disease more common among young adults, MMR effects more infants. MMR stands for measles, mumps, and rubella (â€Å"Measles-QA about Disease and Vaccine†). The symptoms of MMR include a fever, cough, runny nose, conjunctivitis, and a rash spreading down the body (â€Å"Measles-QA about Disease and Vaccine†). MMR is most commonly contracted through contact with mucus (â€Å"Measles-QA about Disease and Vaccine†). It is a highly contagious disease among infants. Severe cases of MMR cause pneumonia, encephalitis (brain swelling), and possibly death (â€Å"Measles-QA about Disease and Vaccine†). The MMR vaccine is given in two doses (â€Å"Measles-QA about Disease and Vaccine†). The first dose is given to an infant of 12-15 months (â€Å"Measles-QA about

Childhood Vaccination - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1184 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/03/13 Category Sociology Essay Level High school Tags: Childhood Essay Did you like this example? Childhood Vaccinations Infectious diseases have ravaged the world since recorded history. In the year 400 B.C. Hippocrates described mumps diphtheria, epidemic jaundice, and other conditions (6), indicating that disease was a recognized problem dating back thousands of years. Infectious diseases are bodily disorders caused by microorganisms, such as: bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. All kinds of organisms are present on the human body, ranging from beneficial to harmful. Under specific conditions, these organisms are given the ability to become diseases. Some examples of these microorganisms are pneumonia, tuberculosis, diphtheria, influenza and human immunodeficiency virus infection. Three categories are used to describe the intensity of an infectious disease: outbreak, epidemic, and pandemic. An outbreak is when multiple cases of a disease occur in an unexpected, but isolated, area. An epidemic is declared when there is a significant rise in the occurrence of a disease in a given region, while a pandemic occurs when an epidemic spreads worldwide and infects a large part of the human population. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Childhood Vaccination" essay for you Create order Even in modern times, outbreaks of disease threaten our civilization. Malaria is still rampant in tropical climates, causing thousands of deaths annually. This disease still lacks a safe and reliable vaccine, however physical measures have been installed for protection. The outbreak of H1N1 in 2009 was unexpected and became the most recent pandemic. Now, H1N1 is covered by the seasonal flu vaccine. Due to a decline in vaccinations, the MMR (Measles Mumps Rubella) trio of diseases has had stronger outbreaks with more severe cases. As history shows, vaccinations are undeniably good for the masses. They control outbreaks and prevent death from controllable, infectious diseases. However, vaccinations and their implementation are controversial. There is a high cost of implementation of vaccines, especially since the government intervenes to try and make them affordable. There is also a strong belief that vaccines might have a detrimental effect on an individuals health, due to adverse reactions. Also, in some religions, vaccines are highly opposed. The delivery system of vaccines greatly affects the safe administration of the vaccine, through its manufacture and storage. Another controversial theory is that vaccines interfere with the natural order of things, causing viruses to evolve faster into more severe strains that vaccines with eventually be unable to prevent. A large portion of the costs of vaccines comes from the initial development. The governments intervention, specifically within the school systems, has also greatly affected the rates of elimination of common infectious diseases in the United States, diseases like: diphtheria, tetanus, poliomyelitis, smallpox, measles, mumps, rubella, influenza, and meningitis. With the requirement that students are immunized before attending school, a larger percentage of students are continuing to be up to date on their immunization records. The impact of vaccines on the individual is immense. There are many factors that contribute to successful vaccinations; therefore, there are many steps that could lead to an unsuccessful vaccination. The timing of the administration of the vaccine is important, is it more beneficial to inoculate early, or to inoculate a more mature immune system? Theres also controversy concerning the idea that giving too many vaccines at once hinders a persons immune system, while others say that giving them all at once gives the body more time to recover from all of them. The government has now required certain vaccinations be given to children before starting school, but is this violating a persons right to education and privacy? Do the benefits of children being vaccinated and preventing minor outbreaks at school outweigh the costs of losing rights? The delivery system of vaccines can impact the effectiveness and safety of vaccinations. The storage of vaccines, including location, temperature, and security, must be properly managed to ensure that the vaccine is able to prevent disease. Expiration dates cannot be exceeded for the same reason. Vaccines include preservatives that prolong shelf life. In the past, the common preservative was mercury or a related substance. Because mercury is believed to have adverse effects, it has been removed, but it is important that the preservatives are properly maintained to avoid causing problems for patients. Providers must handle the vaccines correctly to ensure that patients do not become ill because of improper sanitation. Training is essential to making sure that mistakes are prevented. Proper training will ensure that the provider recognizes patient conditions, like existing illnesses or known allergies, which could result in adverse reactions. One of the concerns that many parents have is that children are being inoculated against many diseases at such a young age. Parents fear that this aggressive timeline is too much for a young childs immune system to handle. Still others avoid vaccines because they believe that they will actually become sick with the disease they are being vaccinated against. This has been proven not to be true, but the concern continues. There are people who think that vaccinations should be stopped because they interfere with the natural order of life. Some proponents of that view believe that the deaths caused by the diseases are natures way of controlling the population or eliminating the weak members of society. Others fear that the diseases being controlled will mutate into diseases that are more deadly and/or unmanageable. Some religions believe that vaccinations conflict with Gods will, so they object to government requirements that children in school be vaccinated for certain diseases. It is interesting to note that there has been a rise in recent years regarding parents against vaccinations. It could almost be thought that history is somehow repeating itself; as there is increased security and safety, those who wish to be contrary rises. Even though there are many who have serious concerns about vaccinations, the vaccination programs in the United States and Europe have been so successful that they have inspired the 20th-century concept of disease eradication. This concept proposes that selected diseases could be eradicated from all human populations through global cooperation. The best example that supports this concept is that, in 1977, after a decade-long campaign involving 33 nations, smallpox was eradicated worldwide. Some parents also wonder, if the worst diseases have been eradicated, then why must their children receive vaccinations against them? Some are unable to see that diseases are still living organisms, which change and alter themselves over time. If there are many children that do not receive the smallpox vaccine, then that group is more susceptible to any disease that is derived of smallpox. Diseases are looking for ways to live too, which is why it is so shortsighted to believe that any kind of eradication would be a long-term solution. Conclusion Vaccinations are controversial, but they have been proven to save lives. Although individuals may have concerns about the safety, effectiveness, and/or appropriateness of vaccines and government vaccination programs, they continue to be developed and distributed worldwide. It would be highly beneficial, however, to begin providing parents with a more detailed explanation of what vaccines are, and what they do to protect children. Most distrust arises out of the fear of the unknown, so a very detailed immunization curriculum would likely aid in maintaining the percentage of youth and children being vaccinated.

Project Finance - 1543 Words

1. How should PDVSA finance the development of the Orinoco Basin? Can you define project finance? Is Petrozuata a project? What are the costs and benefits of using project finance instead of the traditional (debt) finance – as Mr. Bustillos said, PDVSA could have finance the debt internally (p.7 of the case)? Project finance is a kind of Financing that has a priority does not depend on the creditworthiness of the sponsors proposing the business idea to launch the project. Approval does not even depend on the value of assets sponsors are willing to make available as collateral. Instead, it is basically a function of the project’s ability to repay the debt contracted and remunerate capital invested at a rate consistent with the degree of†¦show more content†¦On the other hand, more debt does not affect the risk of the project under taken, but means less equity holders , these bring more risk to equity holders, the cost of equity increases with debt. assume Ra is the WACC without leverage. Ke=Ra+(D/E)(1-Ï„)(Ra-kd) 0.2097=Ra+Ra(0.6/0.4)(1-0.35)-0.1(0.6/0.4)(1-0.35) Solving Ra=15.55% When leverage change, the IRR will also change following the formula below: IRR= Ra+(D/E)(1-Ï„)(Ra-kd) Leverage D/E Ra 1-Ï„ Kd IRR 80% 4.00 0.16 0.65 0.10 30.00% 70% 2.33 0.16 0.65 0.10 23.98% 60% 1.50 0.16 0.65 0.10 20.97% 50% 1.00 0.16 0.65 0.10 19.16% 40% 0.67 0.16 0.65 0.10 17.96% 4. What kind of debt (agency debt, bank debt, or Rule 144a bonds) should the sponsors of the project use to fund the deal? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each kind of debt? In your view will project bonds receive an investment grade rating? What is theâ€Å"weakest link† of the project? How can they improve the likelihood of getting an investment grade? In our opinion, the sponsors of the project should use Rule 144a bonds for its obvious advantages over the other two options. Agency debt: ïÆ' ¼ Might not raise enough money for the project since the majority of the debt would probably requireShow MoreRelatedProject Finance Assignment2466 Words   |  10 Pagescharacteristics of project finance Project finance is a form of long term financing of infrastructure and industrial projects based upon the projected cash flows of the project rather than the balance sheets of the project sponsors. In most cases, a project financing structure involves a number of equity investors, the sponsors, as well as a group of banks or other lending institutions that provide loans to the operation. The loans are usually non-recourse loans, which are secured by the project assets andRead MoreThe Role Of Debt Of Project Finance Essay1064 Words   |  5 PagesTable of Contents Introduction 2 Role of Debt in Project finance 2 Pros and Cons of project finance debt 3 Identifying Project Risks 3 Difference from Corporate Lending: 4 â€Æ' Introduction Project finance is a term used freely by a number of professionals including bankers, journalists, and academics in order to describe a variety of financing activities. Project finance is a decades-old term that preexists corporate finance. However, the rolling growth in infrastructure undertakings in the developingRead MoreProject Finance Petrozuata4755 Words   |  20 PagesEvaluation of Petrolera Zuata, Petrozuata C.A. Project Finance Case Study    1    Table of Content Petrozuata introduction ....................................................................................................................... 4 1. How should PDVSA finance the development of the Orinoco Basin? What are the costs and benefits of using project finance instead of traditional internal debt finance? ...................... 4 1.1. Project finance scenario (BBB) ........................Read MoreConstruction Of Project Finance Transaction3475 Words   |  14 Pagesin the context of a project finance transaction. Project Finance Generally Industrial projects, such as power plants, toll roads, ports and oil and gas pipelines, are all typically financed through a complex legal, financial and regulatory structure involving multiple project parties, sophisticated documentation and extensive negotiation. Project finance transactions are typically either (i) limited recourse, where lenders do not assume the entire financial risk of the project and instead rely onRead MoreProject Finance : Project Management College Uk Essay1324 Words   |  6 PagesNAME: OMATSONE ONETORITSEBAWO LOUIS QUESTION: REPORT ON PROJECT FINANCE MODULE 12 TOPIC: THE PROJECTS APPROACH STUDENT ID: PMC 26995-NG-UK PROJECT MANAGEMENT COLLEGE UK TABLE OF CONTENT 1. INTRODUCTION OF PROJECT FINANCE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 2. FEATURES OF PROJECT FINANCE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 3. FINANCING STRUCTURE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5 4. METHOD OF FINANCING A PROJECT†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 5. CONCLUSION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 6. REFERENCES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8Read MoreIntroduction to the Finance Company Project979 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction to the Finance Company Project Your team is required to analyze the future business and economic prospects of a major, publicly traded corporation using financial concepts and techniques as well as the concepts and techniques from other business areas. Make sure any statements you make in your analysis are consistent with the knowledge base of finance. Also please include your calculations (including spreadsheets), data sources (be specific, including date and page number(s)), andRead MoreManagerial Finance Project Toys R1497 Words   |  6 Pages Managerial Finance - 1 - Managerial Finance Project Toys R in Brazil Managerial Finance - 2 - Summary My paper term paper is 8 - page for my managerial finance class that analyzes the prospects of Toys R for international expansion into Brazil . The analysis consists of financial analysis of the company and en vironment analysis of the country. It relies on eight external sources presented in APA format. Body of the paper Introduction Toys R Us Inc., is a leading toy and baby productsRead MoreMonitoring And Control Project Finances1554 Words   |  7 Pagesability to optimally monitor and control project finances, make recommendations and describe how the recommendations will improve monitoring and control of project finances. The identification of areas that require new approaches have been discovered by examining historical project documents, gathering information from project finance specialist and interviews with project managers. The three main areas that will allow for better control of project finances are â€Å"measuring, evaluating, and correcting†Read MoreProject Finance and Loan Analysis Essay1668 Words   |  7 PagesProject Finance Project financing is a non-traditional financing technique that is now being used even by many high-profile corporate projects. It is increasingly emerging as the preferred alternative to finance fixed assets and other large-scale projects. As a study, Project Finance includes understanding the rationale for project financing, how to prepare the financial plan, assess the risks, design the financing mix, and raise the funds. As per the International Project Finance Association, ‘ProjectRead MoreEssay Mt480 Corporate Finance Unit 9 Project1159 Words   |  5 PagesStudent MT480-01: Corporate Finance Unit Nine: Assignment Date Assignment: Complete the following exercises and problems from the textbook. Some problems ask multiple questions; be sure to answer every part of the exercise or problem unless otherwise noted * Chapter 28: Practice Questions 2, 10, 11, and 13 * Chapter 34: Practice Questions 2, 3, and 7 Chapter 28: 2. Table 28.1 shows the 90-day forward rate on the South African rand. a. Is the dollar at a forward discount

Othello Shakespeare Essay Example For Students

Othello Shakespeare Essay In the play Othello, Shakespeare uses Iago, Cassio, Roderigo, and Othello to represent hatred, loyalty, love, and jealousy in mankind. Hatred being the thing of envy and ambition presented it self in may different forms. Loyalty being one of the forms, hatred presented itself as friendly and gracious. Loyalty also took on another form because with love one will be willing to do anything to obtain it. Jealousy taking on another form of hatred has control of over one s actions. Shakespeare makes the commentary that every male specie is different. Iago was filled with hate in which he used to play on others mind. Iago stated to Roderiga, why, by making him uncapable of Othello s place: knocking out his brains, shows that he is willing to use anyone for his hatred against Othello. He would use anyone, he used his own wife Emila, to steal Desdemona handkerchief for his devious plan. Iago pretended to be Cassio friend so he can set him up to play on Othello hatred. Iago was the most form of hatred in the book, taking on many personalities to setup Othello. Being a gentle man to everyone around him, Cassio had loyalty and had great manners. He would stick by Othello side through anything. He never knew he was being setup by Iago, but he always keep his loyalty to Othello. He had great manners especially when it came to women; these manners came into Iago theater in getting Othello mad. Cassio stating, I will rather sue to be despised than to deceive so good a commander with so slight, so drunken, and so indiscreet and officer, shows that he have lot of loyalty for Othello and it hurt him to think about betraying him. Othello was loyal and honest throughout the book. Being driving by love, Roderigo would do anything to get Desdemona. Roderigo at the beginning begin to state bashful things to Brabantio about the Moor and his daughter. This action shows you that Roderigo is willing to do anything he can to get Desdemona. Roderigo stated to Iago that he will sale his land, this action shows that he is willing to give up all his property to win Desdemona. Roderigo furthermore, agrees to kill Cassio showing he will kill for the love of Desdemona. Roderigo had deep love for Desdemona that blinded him. Being controlled by his actions, Othello had no control over his action. Jealousy had taking over so much of Othello mind he was willing to kill he love Desdemona. This action shows that he had no control over himself. He felt that his true friend Cassio had betrayed him by sleeping with his wife. This action shows that Othello had no train of thought. When Othello found out that Iago had set everything up, he realized the errors of his mistake. By realizing this, it shows that Othello didn t have control of what he did and let jealousy have control of his mind. Othello was a man truly in love but was blinded by jealousy. Shakespeare shows that every male have a different way of thinking. Iago, a villain with an outward appearance of honesty but filled with hate, envy and ambition was will to use anyone to get back at Othello. Cassio was a gentleman that had loyalty for the position in which he held. Roderigo was willing to give up faith and property for the love he felt for Desdemona. Othello had courage and leadership by nature but was easily persuade by jealousy for the love he had for Desdemona. By producing the same situation from different points of views, Shakespeare shows us how every male act different.